Los daños por lluvia, pedrisco e inundaciones
¿Qué cubren los seguros cuando se producen daños por lluvia y pedrisco, con o sin inundaciones? Hace unas semanas hablamos de como se tienen que valorar los hogares y los vehículos siniestrados. En esta publicación hablamos de los daños por tormentas e inundaciones.
El 13 y 14 de octubre de 2016 se produjo una tormenta de lluvia y pedrisco en las comarcas del Barcelonès i del Vallès (Barcelona). La tempestad fue de tal calibre que obturó los imbornales de la red de saneamiento y desbordó el río Besós. Las vías públicas quedaron totalmente anegadas. Se inundaron párquines subterráneos, locales comerciales, trasteros, coches sumergidos y plantas bajas de viviendas totalmente anegados. Se desbordaron desagües de edificios por saturación de la red pública de saneamiento, que causó humedades en multitud de viviendas ya que se originaron pequeños “géiseres” en numerosos inodoros y desagües.
Entró agua de lluvia por las azoteas, terrazas y tejados. Una de las campas de la villa de la Llagosta (Barcelona), donde hay vehículos nuevos consignados para su venta, quedaron totalmente abollados por el pedrisco.
Actuaron dos tipos de aseguradoras y en según qué zonas. Por un lado el Consorcio de Compensación de Seguros (CCS) y por otro lado las aseguradoras privadas clásicas como pueden ser SegurCaixa, MGS, BBVA Seguros, CASER, etcétera. Hubo quien cobró de dos seguros, del CCS y de su aseguradora. Hubo quien sólo cobró de una de las dos aseguradoras y hubo quien no cobró de ninguna. ¿Cómo funciona todo esto? ¿Cuánto tengo que cobrar y de quién?
¿Por qué hay dos aseguradoras en mi póliza de seguros?
En España, cualquier persona que tenga un seguro privado de daños propios en los bienes, ya sea de vehículos a motor, empresas, casas, comunidades, etcétera, está asegurado con dos compañías de seguros a la vez. Con su propia aseguradora y con el CCS. La razón es porque las aseguradoras privadas se ocupan de proteger los “riesgos habituales” como son el incendio, daños eléctricos, impactos,…, y el CCS se ocupa de otras funciones y riesgos “menos comunes”, entre los que se encuentran los “riesgos extraordinarios”.
La protección frente a los “riesgos extraordinarios” viene recogido en el Reglamento del CCS. En el caso que nos ocupa en este post, el CCS pagará la inundación extraordinaria consistente en el anegamiento del terreno producido por la acción directa de las aguas de lluvia, las procedentes de deshielo o las de los lagos que tengan salida natural, de los ríos o rías o de cursos naturales de agua en superficie, cuando éstos se desbordan de sus cauces normales, así como los embates de mar en las costas. No se entenderá por tal la producida por aguas procedentes de presas, canales, alcantarillas, colectores y otros cauces subterráneos, construidos por el hombre, al reventarse, romperse o averiarse por hechos que no correspondan a riesgos de carácter extraordinario amparados por el Consorcio de Compensación de Seguros, ni la lluvia caída directamente sobre el riesgo asegurado, o la recogida por su cubierta o azotea, su red de desagüe o sus patios.
¿Qué cubren los seguros privados en los inmuebles?
En el caso de daños por lluvia o pedrisco, que casi siempre vienen incluidos en una garantía común denominada “fenómenos atmosféricos”, la aseguradora privada pagará los daños provocados por el agua de lluvia siempre y cuando la intensidad de precipitación sea superior a un determinado valor, que habitualmente son 40 litros por metro cuadrado y hora. Si la intensidad de precipitación es inferior a ese valor, la aseguradora no querrá saber nada ya que se trata de una cláusula que limita los derechos del asegurado.
Respecto al pedrisco, éste suele “abollar” o romper la parte exterior de las persianas de plástico (PVC) de las viviendas y algún toldo, tejas o cerramientos (lucernarios de poliéster o fibra de vidrio) “delicados”.
Tanto la lluvia como el pedrisco tienen como restricción de la cobertura, o Cláusulas Limitativas (CL), indemnizar los elementos del mobiliario que se encuentren fuera de la vivienda, como sería el caso de una televisión ubicada en una terraza que se ha mojado por la lluvia. Otra cosa es que se hayan maltrecho debido a que una ventana estaba mal cerrada y el agua o pedrisco entró dentro y lo afectó. Existen aseguradoras que incluyen un sinfín de Cláusulas Limitativas más a modo de restringir la posibilidad de indemnización.
Atención con los conceptos de “precipitación” e “intensidad de precipitación”. Para ello pondremos un ejemplo. No es lo mismo decir que hemos circulado a 150 Km/h en un vehículo desde Barcelona hasta Figueres; que decir que la distancia entre Barcelona y Figueres es de 150 Km. En el primer caso estamos hablando de una unidad de velocidad (150 Km/h) y en el segundo caso estamos hablando de una unidad de distancia (150 Km). Lo mismo sucede con la intensidad de precipitación, medida en litros por metro cuadrado y hora, que equivaldría a la velocidad a la que circula un vehículo, y la precipitación, medida en litros por metro cuadrado, que equivaldría a la distancia entre las dos ciudades. La CL más común que limita el derecho del asegurado a cobrar la prestación del seguro es que la intensidad de precipitación supere un determinado valor, que normalmente son 40 litros por metro cuadrado y hora.
¿Qué cubren los seguros privados en los vehículos a motor?
En el caso que los vehículos a motor tengan cobertura de daños propios, entendiendo por ello que tienen contratada la garantía de “todo riesgo”, las aseguradoras pagan los daños causados por el granizo, previo descuento de la correspondiente franquicia si la hubiere.
El granizo causa abolladuras en el capó delantero y trasero, y en el techo del vehículo. Estos daños pueden arreglarse por el taller de chapa y pintura tradicional o por “varilleros”, que estas últimas son unas empresas de profesionales que se dedican, a precio cerrado por unidad de vehículo, a restaurar los daños causados por el granizo. La actuación de los “varilleros”, quienes recorren toda Europa en busca de las siniestralidades sobre vehículos causadas por el granizo, es muy común en los casos de campas de vehículos nuevos. En este último caso, de vehículos nuevos reparados sin matricular, el fabricante debería informar y hacer un descuento sobre el precio de compra al cliente por tratarse de un vehículo accidentado y haber sufrido una devaluación.
¿Qué cubre el CCS?
Con seguro de daños propios, tanto si se trata de inmuebles, mobiliario, existencias o vehículos, el CCS paga como si se tratara de un incendio en vez de una inundación, es decir, actuando como los seguros privados actuan en casos de incendios: pagar todo lo dañado, pero sólo de aquellos daños que competen a lo que afectó el agua que discurre por el suelo. O sea, los daños causados por inundación.
Hay que tener claro que, en principio, el CCS jamás cubrirá los daños por agua de un primer o segundo piso ya que la “riada” nunca llegará a esa altura para afectar esas viviendas. Los daños causados por humedades de cubiertas, filtraciones, desbordamientos de canales, etcétera no los cubrirá jamás.
La forma de tasación de los daños para todos los casos (aseguradoras privadas y CCS) será la que el contrato de seguro establezca, tal y como lo contamos en dos posts anteriores, uno para viviendas y otro para vehículos, con la condición explícita que el asegurado aceptó las CL correspondientes.
Por último decir que el CCS determina qué zonas han quedado inundadas y cuáles no, y dada una siniestralidad, en su web puede consultarse las zonas donde se han producido para así poder reclamar la correspondiente prestación.
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