¿Qué es una aseguradora, un seguro y para qué sirven?
Muchas personas dicen que los seguros nos protegen pero no nos dicen de qué. ¿Nos protegen de enfermar? ¿Impedirán que unos ladrones asalten nuestro comercio? ¿Nos protegen de sufrir un incendio? ¿Evitan que tengamos una colisión con el automóvil? ¿Impedirán que nuestro padre muera? Rotundamente NO.
Por tanto, ¿de qué nos protegen los seguros? ¿Para qué sirven? ¿Por qué debemos contratarlos? La respuesta es sencilla: Los seguros sirven para que no nos arruinemos económicamente. Para salvaguardar nuestra estructura económica y financiera, y sea la aseguradora, en vez de ser nosotros, quien pague los daños y pérdidas derivados de un accidente o contingencia.
¿Qué es una aseguradora y qué es un seguro?
Una aseguradora es una entidad financiera que pasa a coste fijo un posible coste variable derivado de un siniestro durante un periodo de tiempo determinado.
Un seguro (contrato de seguro) es un producto financiero que las personas utilizamos para proteger nuestro patrimonio.
¿Cuál es la utilidad de los seguros?
Las personas adecuamos nuestro nivel de gasto e inversión a nuestros ingresos, haciendo implícitamente un presupuesto calculando qué podemos gastar.
Gastamos en electricidad, agua, comida, alquiler, carburante, colegios, cenas con amigos, vestimenta, ocio y un largo etcétera de cosas. Pero siempre gastamos dentro de los límites que nuestros ingresos nos permiten. Sin embargo existe un gasto que no tenemos controlado, que es si sucede alguna contingencia. Podemos sufrir un accidente de tráfico y tener que pagar los daños del vehículo, pagar las lesiones de un ocupante o peatón. Podemos sufrir un incendio en nuestra vivienda o podemos caer enfermos. Nos pueden surgir multitud de “desgracias”, y en caso de sufrirlas, ¿cuál será su coste?
Para dormir tranquilos preferimos transferir esos riesgos a otro a modo que si sucede el hecho dañino, sea una aseguradora y no nosotros quien deba asumir ese gasto indeseado. Y por eso el asegurador “fabrica” los productos financieros llamados seguros que sirven para transferirles esos posibles riesgos a los que estamos sometidos, y de ese modo y ante una desgracia, ese contrato que hemos firmado será una carta de derechos frente al asegurador para que nos pague la prestación establecida de acuerdo con la legalidad vigente.
Por tanto los seguros existen porque pasan siniestros y cuestan dinero. Si no existieran los accidentes y la gente no tuviera que pagarlos, nadie tendría la necesidad de asegurar, y por tanto, no existirían ni las aseguradoras ni los seguros.
¿Cómo funcionan las aseguradoras?
Una empresa de lotería es una entidad financiera que fabrica unos productos financieros llamados boletos que se venden a un precio determinado. Antes del sorteo todos los boletos tienen el mismo valor, pero tras la celebración del sorteo sólo uno vale los 100.000 € del premio y el resto carecen de valor.
De manera análoga al ejemplo de la lotería, la aseguradora “fabrica” seguros, equivalentes a los boletos de lotería, que venden a la gente. Y durante un periodo de tiempo determinado, si a alguien le toca “el premio” de sufrir un accidente, la aseguradora deberá pagarle el “premio” según las condiciones del “concurso” que figuran en el contrato.
Y los peritos, ¿para qué sirven?
Ya destinamos un post para esta cuestión, pero incidiremos en este punto.
A diferencia de un sorteo de lotería, donde con antelación sabemos cuál será el premio a percibir si nos toca, en el caso de los seguros, si nos toca el premio del siniestro no hay establecida una cantidad fija a percibir. Sólo en los seguros de vida y algún otro tipo contrato a valor convenido se establece el precio exacto de la prestación.
En caso de accidente en una empresa, un siniestro en una vivienda, unas lesiones o unos daños en un automóvil se precisa de una persona que haga la función de establecer las circunstancias y consecuencias del siniestro, la valoración económica de los daños efectivos y, de acuerdo con el contrato y marco legal vigente, establezca una propuesta de indemnización para el beneficiario del seguro. Y ese profesional que realiza esta labor se llama perito de seguros.
El perito de seguros es aquel profesional que tiene las atribuciones de fijar el “premio” que debes cobrar del seguro en caso de siniestro, y por eso es tan importante su figura.
¿Y qué sucede cuando las aseguradoras pagan la prestación en especies o directamente?
Pero hay casos que por razones de minimizar los costes a las aseguradoras y en aras de dar servicio a la gente, el asegurador paga en especies la prestación siempre y cuando el perceptor de la prestación lo consienta, ya que en caso contrario, el seguro debe pagar siempre con dinero.
Éstos son los casos de los talleres concertados con las aseguradoras que reparan los vehículos accidentados, los operarios que acuden a nuestras casas a reparar averías o las asistencias sanitarias que en ocasión de un accidente, o simplemente porque nos ponemos enfermos, la aseguradora paga directamente a los facultativos.
Nuestra recomendación:
Hay muchas compañías de seguros en el mercado, pero debes escoger aquella que sólo cumple con 2 requisitos:
- El primero es que cumpla con las leyes y demás normas y códigos éticos de conducta.
- El segundo requisito es que los peritos, y otros profesionales con los que trabaje, actúen con el debido rigor, conocimiento en la materia, honestidad y solvencia.
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