La pérdida de Fondo de Comercio de la empresa en un accidente
Cuando tenemos cualquier actividad económica (como sería un taxista, transportista, psicólogo, médico, etcétera) y padecemos un accidente (incendio, accidente de circulación, etcétera) y no podemos continuar comerciando, sufrimos una pérdida de ingresos derivados de esa actividad, que hubiéramos continuado teniendo si no hubiéramos sufrido ese accidente. Y como exponemos en el post dedicado a este tema del «Lucro Cesante», puedes asegurarlo y cobrarlo cuando tengas un accidente. Pero atención: ¡Cuando lo tienes asegurado hay bastantes límites! pero debes saber que siempre tendrás derecho a cobrarlo todo del culpable del accidente cuando tú seas el perjudicado, esté o no asegurado.
A parte del «Lucro Cesante» puedes tener otro perjuicio, que es el llamado «Pérdida del Fondo de Comercio«. No debes confundir el «Lucro Cesante» con la «Pérdida del Fondo de Comercio» ya que son dos cosas totalmente distintas y vamos a exponerlo. Antes de nada empezaremos a exponer una serie de conceptos básicos para que queden claros.
Unos pocos conceptos contables preliminares
Los «Activos» de tu balance forman parte de tu estructura económica, o sea, de lo que es propiedad de la empresa o tuyo (terrenos, edificios, máquinas, existencias, dinero en el banco, etcétera). Y como sabes, los activos se financian del Pasivo. El Pasivo sirve para saber de dónde sale el dinero que soporta tus Activos. El Pasivo no es ninguna cosa negativa. Te da la información de dónde sacas el dinero para «aguantar» tu Activo. De dónde sale la «plata», la «pasta» o el «dinero». Si de los «Fondos Propios» de la empresa (el dinero de la empresa) o del dinero que no es propiedad de la empresa y es de otros, como serían tus acreedores, proveedores, bancos, o impuestos que debes pagar y aun no has pagado. Resulta que el dinero que temporalmente debes a otros lo estás utilizando para pagar cosas tuyas. A ese Pasivo o dinero que debes a otros se le llama “Pasivo Exigible”, aunque hay mucho caradura e impresentable que tiene claro que no lo va a devolver nunca a su legítimo propietario, y tiene clarísimo que ese dinero se convertirá rápidamente en “Fondos Propios”. Sería el caso de aseguradoras de las malas que saben que deben pagar y no pagan al asegurado o perjudicado, y aunque “provisionen la deuda”, ya que la Ley las obliga, el agotamiento o falta de recursos del usuario harán que el asegurador acabe ganando esos fondos para él. A eso no se le considera estafa, pero debería serlo. Pero vamos a seguir con lo nuestro: En definitiva, el Pasivo está segmentado básicamente en dinero que tú tienes de otra gente y lo utilizas para lo tuyo pero que deberás devolver (Pasivo Exigible), y en el dinero que es propiamente tuyo (no se lo debes a nadie). Pues ese dinero que es tuyo y no debes a nadie se llama «Fondos Propios», «Patrimonio Neto» o «Pasivo no Exigible». Y para un contable puro y duro, el «Patrimonio Neto» es lo que vale una empresa.
Otra cosa distinta es que para calcular el Lucro Cesante se deba utilizar la llamada «Cuenta de Explotación», «Cuenta de Pérdidas y Ganancias» o «Profit & Loss» (P&L).
¿Cómo valorarias a tu aseguradora?Comparte tu opinión con otros usuarios en RankiSeguros. |
El «Fondo de Comercio»
¿Pero una empresa vale su «Patrimonio Neto» contable? ¡De ninguna de las maneras! Una empresa o profesional tiene unos clientes que confían en él. Tiene una reputación, imagen y marca. Tiene comerciales o agentes. Tiene unos proveedores fiables. Tiene un saber hacer (know-how). Tiene unos empleados formados que tienen una experiencia y saben qué hacer. En definitiva, tiene un sinfín de valores intangibles que no están reflejados en el Balance de Situación contable de la empresa (ni en el Activo ni en el Pasivo), pero que tienen un valor enorme. Y mucho. Y en muchísimas ocasiones el valor del «Fondo de Comercio» es bastante más elevado que el «Patrimonio Neto». Por eso, cuando alguien vende su empresa lo hace a un precio muy superior al «Patrimonio Neto». Y ese «excedente» de valor es el llamado «Fondo de Comercio».
Lo que sucede con el Fondo de Comercio cuando padeces un accidente
Si como profesional o empresa padeces un accidente, es posible que no puedas suministrar los bienes o servicios que les servías a tus clientes y éstos se marchen a la competencia a comprar lo que tú has dejado de suministrarles. O sea, se «buscan la vida». Es posible que esos proveedores que estaban cómodos contigo se busquen otros clientes. Es posible que les entre miedo a alguno de tus empleados buenos y se marchen a otros lugares y se lleven consigo su conocimiento y experiencia. Y con todo ello es posible que tu reputación y/o imagen como marca se vea afectada. Por tanto, si sufres un accidente no se resuelve pagándote el «Lucro Cesante» hasta que estés en condiciones de reemprender tu actividad, sino que habrá un tiempo para volver a recuperar todo ese «Fondo de Comercio» perdido por culpa del accidente, que no lo hubieras perdido de no ser por el siniestro. Y obviamente esa pérdida de «Fondo de Comercio» es evaluable económicamente, o sea, se puede traducir a dinero y tienes todo el derecho a cobrarlo.
¿Cuándo se puede reclamar?
Lo puedes reclamar en cualquier circunstancia donde tú hayas sufrido un accidente por culpa de otro. O sea, que el seguro de Responsabilidad Civil del culpable, o el mismo culpable te lo deberán pagar.
Un taxista o transportista al cual le golpean su vehículo lo podrá reclamar. Si el incendio originado en el local vecino se extiende al tuyo y te afecta lo podrás reclamar. Si el vecino de arriba tiene una fuga de agua y anega tu local lo podrás reclamar. Si como dentista tu proveedor de dientes te suministra un lote de implantes defectuosos y se ve afectada tu reputación lo podrás reclamar. Y así un sinfín de circunstancias donde aparte de los daños, lesiones y el “Lucro Cesante” está la “Pérdida de Fondo de Comercio”.
¿Cómo se calcula?
Deberás realizar un escandallo o listado de todas las afectaciones que te ha producido ese accidente, y deberás calcular cuánto cuesta el volver a recuperar esa pérdida de clientes, reputación, empleados formados, proveedores, etcétera. Se puede reclamar hasta la pérdida de una «carrera» frente a otra empresa competidora la cual se habrá beneficiado de tu accidente. Y si resulta que por culpa de esa afectación (accidente o contingencia) tu empresa quiebra, deberás calcular cuánto costaba tu empresa a modo que el causante deberá soportar su coste como si te la «comprara», ya que por su culpa se hundió.
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